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Opinion: Why the US must raise interest rates, now

Posted in News

By Neville Bennett US real interest rates are negative. In effect, the Fed is giving away money. Every financial institution in the world of any magnitude is borrowing US$ and investing it for positive yields or opportunities elsewhere. This massive carry trade is feeding arbitrage and asset-buying sprees and bubbles in everything from gold, the shares, Hong Kong penthouses, and even fine wine. The APEC leaders rightly warned about the dangers of the carry trade, but did not discuss the remedy"”raising US interest rates. Obviously the US administration is prioritizing domestic recovery, but my argument is that this is creating bubbles. The Americans are aware that bubbles are forming, but some of their spokespeople are making the incredible argument that there are good and bad bubbles and the present ones are OK. There are times when one wonders if the inmates are in charge of the asylum! Lax monetary policy is creating the next crisis.

APEC To be sure APEC paid lip service to sustainable growth, and it supported polices "to help prevent credit and asset price cycles from becoming forces of destabilisation". But this was only one of many desirable targets: poverty reductions, SMEs, mobility of workers, and enhanced womens' access to education were mentioned before climate change, curbing protectionism, supporting multilateral trade and accelerated regional integration. It refrained from emphasizing global imbalances, but it is an oxymoron that imbalances are an impediment to sustainable economic growth. The stimulation of the US economy is widening internal imbalances by increasing its deficits and Asia's surpluses. These imbalances are not addressed because, as Geithner said at G20, "they cannot be addressed by the United States alone". The US will not control its deficit and China will not reduce its surplus. Meanwhile the carry trade is flourishing. Carry Trade Some analysts believe that the unwinding of the yen carry trade deepened the Wall Street crash last year. The Wall Street crash ignited a rush for security, and this was reinforced by US investors selling off foreign assets to meet liquidity needs. Once the US dollar appreciated violently there was a mad rush for the exits as investors unwound their yen trades and released an avalanche of fire sales. A sudden change in exchange rates could precipitate a massive crisis arising out of the US$ carry trade. Speaking at APEC, Donald Tsang, CE of Hong Kong, said that the dollar carry trade "scared him" because Japan's zero interest rate policy had created asset bubbles around the world. He foresees "gyrations in financial markets and asset bubbles". Tsang is conscious of this because of record land prices and a 28% rise in house prices this year. As the Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the US$, it is forced into low interest rates which are driving the property bubble. The carry trade is thriving because the Federal Reserve has promised to keep rates "exceptionally low" for "an extended period". This certainty means that hedge funds would be deranged if they did not borrow US currency and invest it in higher yielding assets such as Australian securities. The trade is even more profitable because the US dollar is depreciating so it is easy to repay the original principal. Traders would be mad not to gear up. Similarly the cost of speculation in commodities is low but the rewards outstanding. Also attending APEC, Robert Zoellick, president of the World Bank, urged central banks to think about depressing bubbles. He explained that Asian bankers were reluctant to raise interest rates as this would attract too much capital and strengthen their currencies. He recommended administrative action to restrict credit as well as raising rates. As I write, The Bank of Japan has condemned US zero interest rate policy for inflating assets and threatening global economic recovery; "emerging economies" particularly "might overheat and experience financial turmoil". Moreover, China's top banking regulator complained that US policy presented "new, real, and insurmountable risks to the recovery". Speculative inflows are causing great concern. I suspect they are affecting the New Zealand housing market which appears to be rising despite poor affordability. More significantly, speculative capital is causing concern in many emerging markets whose currency is rising. China is feeling the pressure. Taiwan, Russia, Brazil, Thailand and Chile are planning to slow this capital inflow. These capital flows underlay the surge in profitability of banks and investment banks around the world, including the big Australian banks. They are booking huge profits while often enjoying government guarantees. The burgeoning trade once again threatens over-commitment. Bubbles The essence of bubbles is that asset prices greatly exceed intrinsic value. Investors assume the market will rise much higher than fundamentals would suggest. Professor Fred Mishkin, a former Fed Governor, has asked if the current rapidly forming bubbles mean that the Fed should exit from its zero-interest rate policy. Mishkin answers "No" because not all bubbles are dangerous, especially the present category which he calls "the pure irrational exuberance bubble". He believes the Fed should uphold its policy of exceptionally low interest rates for an extended period. Mishkin concedes that the alternative, "credit boom bubbles", are dangerous. Both types form in exuberance and lead to asset price increases. The latter become malignant when further lending against these assets increases demand and creates a positive feedback loop. The loop involves increased leverage, an easing of credit standards, and then more leverage. When the bubble bursts; loans go sour, deleveraging occurs and prices decline. Loan losses weaken financial balance sheets and diminish credit. Deleveraging depresses business and household spending. In the 1987 stock market crash and the late 1990's tech wreck, Mishkin says, there was not a credit boom, and the crashes did not cause deterioration in bank balance sheets. Mild recessions followed. Mishkin thinks present bubbles are not credit bubbles "Credit markets are still tight", so low interest rates should remain. This is an extraordinarily ignorant view. Credit might be tight for business, but it is available in finance and especially for speculation in the markets. The big brokers and banks maintain a safe margin (deposit) on highly leveraged loans. Arbitrage is the most profitable business around at present because of the low cost dollar. An increase in US interest rates is essential to restore some fundamentals. I would like to invite interest.co bloggers to discuss evidence that cheap US interest rates are spilling into NZ. Obviously there is a currency effect, but are foreigners buying NZ assets? * Neville Bennett was a long-time Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Canterbury, where he taught since 1971. His focus is economic history and markets. He is also a columnist for the NBR where a version of this item first appeared. neville@bennetteconomics.com www.bennetteconomics.com

We welcome your help to improve our coverage of this issue. Any examples or experiences to relate? Any links to other news, data or research to shed more light on this? Any insight or views on what might happen next or what should happen next? Any errors to correct?

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48 Comments

Excellent piece , Neville .

Excellent piece , Neville . A ghastly bursting of the bubble looms . Question is , how NZ as a country , and how individuals , can prepare for this eventuality . China and America are locked together . As America deflates thru massive treasurey issuances , China is still buying much of it . Neither are watchig ( nor caring ) about the consequences of this behaviour upon the rest of the world . They are playing a selfish " bugger you " game . And screwing us , who are playing by the rules , being prudent .

Does the US care what

Does the US care what happens to the rest of the world? no....so raising interest rates in the US helps the rest of the world and not the USA, so fat chance.

@RT: All I can see is three things,

1) Clear debt...if you have no credit cards then the banks cant double or triple rates over-night. Didnt the US consumer enjoy 7%? and it went to 30%?. If you have no mortgage then then RB, banks or bond vigilantes cant screw you over that way...

2) Minimalise risk...for me that's limited as I dont have many investments I can change over-night ie I have fixed pensions, no substantial deposits, what I have is "safe" with the banks in deposit accounts. I have some shares these are in companies I think will probably retain value as they are effectively Govn guaranteed monopolies eg electricity companies.

3) Stay liquid....dont sign up for anything for long.

any other ideas?

@RT: but that's the USA....it

@RT: but that's the USA....it has always been that way....that's why I consider the "free trade" agreements with the US such a joke

It will be a one way screw...

steven : Good ideas ,

steven : Good ideas , man . And yes , with " friends " like the USA , who needs enemas . A free-trade deal with them could become a colonic-irrigation for our economy . I fully expect them to lie and cheat . ( Stock-pile tins of chilli-beans and whisky too . Staying liquid , sage advice . No need for candles , I make one or two a week from my own ear-wax . )

An interesting read. ( atricle

An interesting read. ( atricle 39 in English)

"Indeed the consumer-as-we-knew-him in the past decades is dead, with no hope of resurrection "
"..The international and social (within each country) « everyman for himself » rule is beginning to prevail.."

http://www.leap2020.eu

well the gold price definitely

well the gold price definitely looks like a bubble being created on borrowed money.

Excellent piece Neville. I for

Excellent piece Neville. I for one am rather glad our currency is high as it has protected us from another doubling of house prices caused by new money flowing in. If the NZD collapses then a rerun of 2003 is a real possibility as better quality houses and rural properties get bid up. Have not heard of that too much as yet but NZ does get more desirable as the world gets more unstable....

A bubble is a bubble

A bubble is a bubble is a bubble, whatever the cause. And it will burst. US is exporting its trouble around the world. Money traders and speculators are making hay while the dollar dulls. This may push back many countries to adopt more controls and undermine Capitalism some more. It is now every nation for itself to protect itself. China is way deep into the US economy and can't decouple easily without damage to itself. Fundamentals have not changed much in any country (excepting may be Australia) to warrant irrational exhuberance again in the stock markets.
In the US they are re-thinking the 'checks and balances' between the Congress and the Administration, but as long as Lobbying is on, no benefit will come to the citizens.
Interesting times indeed.

"well the gold price definitely

"well the gold price definitely looks like a bubble being created on borrowed money"

I would say that any gold bubble will be driven by paper claims on gold. However, the demand coming out of India and China appears to be very real. The Japanese are converting savings to gold unlike ever before. Unlike the Anglo Saxons, they're not that keen on borrowing for speculation.

maybe they should sell the

maybe they should sell the 5000 tonnes they have at fort knox and burst the bubble

Staying liquid also means no

Staying liquid also means no fixed mortgages...suppose that depends on how safe your job is....these days I wouldnt bet on most ppls being secure for a significant fixed term...one reason why Im floating, been made redundant 4 times so far...

regards

I dont think gold is

I dont think gold is a bubble...hmm well maybe....

I think if the US sold its tonnage the Chinese or Indians would gobble it up........

regards

What is happening is APPALLING.

What is happening is APPALLING. but what can the man in the street do?????? Yes there are big asset bubbles, but there is crap deposit rates on offer thanks to low rates and after tax i am hemourraghing my savings at the moment (1.8% after tax I get now which relative to CPI is a loss - and relative to REAL inflation is probably a lot worse). I guess that only leaves gold, hmm wonder why that is doing so well now.

The inmates are running the asylum - thats for sure. DISGRACEFUL. Lets give up all pretense here folks. Global govts no longer act in the the interests of the people. The rot goes so deep we cant expect any substantive change. The GFC should have provided the political capital to rebalance both our economies AND moral outlook. So whats happened. Bailouts, guarantees and free money to the idiots who caused the mess in the first place. And now they are back getting record bonuses AND HEAVEN FORBID JUSTIFYING IT!!!!!!!!!!! It makes me want to cry seeing how much of a hold parasite bankers have over the Western World. The last 25 years has seen a 3 fold rise in banking services AND household debt relative to the GDP. Is this a conincidence?? Their gain our pain. Good bye middle class, good bye western economies. Hello serfdom.

Emkay, "A bubble is a

Emkay,

"A bubble is a bubble is a bubble, whatever the cause. And it will burst. "

Not always. An overpriced bubble asset can be maintained by govts STEALING from those not partaking in the bubble by tax preferences and deflating the value of their currency/paper money and therefore the value of their work. This is what is happening now. yes there will be tears, I am just wondering who will be crying?? My worry is it will be those who are prudent, at the very least the prudent will be sharing the burden for others stupidity and speculation.

Where is the 1933 Saint-Gaudens

Where is the 1933 Saint-Gaudens Gold Double Eagle?....that's the mystery!

Neville --heres is some interesting

Neville --heres is some interesting research on interest rates v employment in the US from Tim Iacono

http://themessthatgreenspanmade.blogspot.com/2009/11/jobless-rate-intere...

Ross, Thanks for very interesting

Ross,

Thanks for very interesting post

would china buy gold when

would china buy gold when they are the worlds highest producer?

Here's the thing...if you lived

Here's the thing...if you lived on the W Coast and when digging a new long drop happen upon a bed of nuggets...would you a. Inform the green party. b. Tell the media. c. Shout the bar at the local. d. Keep your gob shut and finish the dunny.?

e. Shit my pants .

e. Shit my pants . Forget the dunny . Get all of the gold out ........Go to town , use gold to buy some lotto tickets , surely I'm gonna get lucky one day .

Every day I learn a

Every day I learn a few new words here - lotto tickets.

Me too . That Wally

Me too . That Wally is a gem !

Better than money in the

Better than money in the BANK. eh Roger...and Wally...and W.KUNZ....and Hang on...just been to the BANKS to sort out a few affairs and seems they do not want my money in some places and others will snatch yer hand off and give a good rate into the bargain for these lean times....

Me.... I just watched em squirm as they have to TOTE the BANKS line..

Had a good chat with one....he says that they LEND on the DOLE income and un-SOCIAL....(What's social about it)... Welfare benefits, DPB and the like.

The BANKS do not actually mind where the MONEY comes from....a bit like HONE-Y and HIDE and GO SEEK and SQUASH ...the PUSSY

But funnily enough HE did. It galled him to see and process those LOANS, we pay for.

So we are actually PAYING twice and thrice in this BAIL-OUT of the POLIIES and their mates LAC's etc.

No wonder the banks have no money now.... if the borrowing for WELFARE ever dries UP, they are truly STUFFED.

HELL-en and CULL-ed em, did the BANKS a real estate favour, cos the WELFARE...d 1.7 million end up with MORE than the earners.

So there WAS a never ending well to siphon off into REAL ESTATE.

As we have 1.7 million on a BENEFIT of some sort and RISING, it should never dry up, as long as the GOVERNMENT...idiots one and all...keep funding them....AT THE TAXPAYERS expense and lining their pockets with one hand and lapping at the trough with those sticky fingers of the other.

A rort is a rort, a PONZI is still a PONZI.....Wish I was crooked...like some.

So Around and Around she goes, where it stops NODDYLAND doesn't know.

The guy even said that most of these LAYABOUTs end up with more than he and his WIFE.....and they are both WORKING and struggling to buy their FIRST HOUSE..

Funny....I laughed all the way back to my Computer.

Now LAUGH............. KEY...and keep smiling and tell us that all is OK.

We will all BENEFIT from his leadership....Unfortunately I think we will all end up on one.

The CARRY TRADE works both ways....and the NZ dollar can only FALL....and you all then OWE even more money to yer mates overseas.

Should BOOST the KIWISAVER returns in your OLD AGE., pity it will not buy too much.

The land of the MILKED and HONE-y.

Anyone one overseas want to INVEST here...only 500K per mug.........just bring dollars, gold, anything....and WE WILL STEAL it., by HOOK, or by CROOK.

DO-NATIONs this way.

HEDGE...yer bets guys.

Wakey Wakey NZ TAXPAYERS. Nothing CHANGES...

SINGAPORE SLING...anyone. We are back on the BOOZE.

Maybe its time to watch

They say on a quiet

They say on a quiet night you can hear the new long drops being dug, between Kumara and the Haast. The digging stops as a Cricket would... when Greenies drive past. All the nuggets that have been found these many years gone past, were stashed away, they say...really bloody fast. They'll tell you tales of long ago where gold was being found..but not a bloomin word is said, about what's still in the ground. So if you go there, remember do.......to shine a light, into the hole, in which you leave your....

If the US increased interest

If the US increased interest rates it wouldn't stop the carry trade from Japan, Europe or somwhere else which is why we need to protect ourselves from overseas money pouring into our economy that cause destructive asset bubbles. The changes Bollard made to foreign lending ratios for banks are starting to look quite good.

gold in long drops..... brings

gold in long drops..... brings new meaning to the saying "having your money on deposit"

Personally, I prefer.... POTTY TRAINING

Personally, I prefer.... POTTY TRAINING FOR POTTY POLITICIANS.

The long drop would be too good for them.

Might find a nugget or even a McBURGHER.

Still they have been going through the motions these past 30 years, so to speak.

What we need is some real leaders...not these...a-wholes.

They do not come up smelling of roses, wherever they seat them selves in the CHAMBER.

And that is the end of the Thomas the CRAPPER ...... crap jokes for this evening.

If the US raises rates

If the US raises rates their economy will come crashing down. Unemployment will skyrocket and it is already over 10% by the narrowest measure. The US can't raise interest rates and it won't. What it could do is prevent it's large banks, the ones that are "to big to fail", from using the free money made available by the FED from speculating. There is absolutely no questing that that is what they are doing. The markets are completely driven by technicals, they have very little fundamental under pinning. This means that the moves are completely predictably. What is their plan for when the music stops you might wonder? Worry about that did not stop them playing the game the last time round. Who are the likely winners you might wonder. Those with the best access to market liquidity, servers closest to the exchanges and the most competent traders. Think Goldman Sacs and JP Morgan. Who are the likely losers? Well almost everybody else because once again a terrified central banking and political community will rush in to try to stabalise the markets with public money. The resulting loss of confidence in the financial system will cause global trade to fall again unemployment to rise and the widespread recognition that things are really really bad and the ones who are supposed to be providing leadership are not able to do so because they have long since been bought and paid for by those caught up with playing the great game. Is anyone still surprised by gold rising in value?

Neville, good article. For your

Neville,
good article.

For your reference
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601068&sid=ai4YSpI08kuY

and
http://www.smh.com.au/business/foreign-investors-flock-to-australian-pro...

The world is awash with Dosh

US Carry Trade. Yen Carry Trade. And, with the Chinese Stimulus, maybe a Chinese Carry trade.

US Carry Trade . Indian

US Carry Trade . Indian Curry Trade . Chinese Take-Away .............Kiwi Carried Away .

"By pegging interest rates at

"By pegging interest rates at zero-percent, the Fed is inflating speculative bubbles worldwide. Right now, Gold has become the most coveted sanctuary from the G-20's money printing orgy. Even with gold zooming above $1,100 /oz, Bernanke said on Nov 16th, "It's extraordinarily difficult to tell if a bubble is forming. It's not obvious to me in any case." His right-hand man, Fed governor Donald Kohn, went one step further, revealing for the first time, that the Fed's ultra-easy money policy is in fact, meant to encourage traders to shift money into risky assets, and argued that hiking interest rates isn't the appropriate tool for deflating asset bubbles."

http://www.financialsense.com/fsu/editorials/dorsch/2009/1119.html

So what's going to cause this house of cards to collapse???

you might have got burned

you might have got burned if you had borrowed USD to buy NZD bonds in the last week or two presuming you had geared it up.the banks act as the casino and takes the cut,acting as broker,controlling the spread on the bonds that they might own in one of their fixed interest funds,charging interest on the loan and even charging safe custody fees for what is really an electronic transaction,sometimes you win but mostly you lose.

Interesting that the Fed is

Interesting that the Fed is unlikely to start to riase rates until 6~20months after unemployment peaks.....which is reckoned as after 2010....of course oil is at $80 so thats stiflling the recovery and looks to remain there...so unless they do tobin taxes or something to chop the carry trade off at the knees another dip is assured (dunno if thats no2 or no3 we will be seeing myself) as the bubbles all over burst...and then what do they do...

So we are all buggered for a decade then....of course as ppl see their pensions being hammered they are going to realise they have to save....so that means even less money in the economy....just what is going to drag us out? WW3?

Krugman disagrees... http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/16

Krugman disagrees...

http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/16/the-madness-of-the-inflation...

But I have to agree with you (and with many of the Comments posted on K's page and above).

They are not giving it

They are not giving it away Nev, anything that you create as debt book entry then con someone into repaying from the realsector is a gain of that repayment minus infrastructural costs, when they can once again ramp up the compound interest is the icing on the cake. Bait has to be used in most cunning traps.

I guess you could think

I guess you could think of the carry trade as a stimulus package...as long as the Fed holds down rates (and thats probably two years away) and allows the USD to depreciate then money will be pumped into "somethings"...The point I am making is how much of this aneamic recovery is really a Govn stimulus that when withdrawn is going to hamper the so called recovery even more?

@Matt in Chch: While I often agree with/listen to P. Krugman I disagree on a second round because like the first it isnt going to work IMHO...it politically would get watered down and be poorly deployed.....and all it does is try to re-inflate what was going on before, which failed because its support was expotentially growing...you just cant dump $ into a bottomless pit...especially with far more serious problems looming...

What I do agree with PK on is Palin will be the next President (and that's a frightening thought) Obama had huge good will off the American ppl and could have done a lot but he's sqandered it. I think he has lost the plot, and its probably now too late for him, which leaves GOP and Palin. From outside US politics I just dont see the GOP as reasonable ppl, they are fundie extremists, you cant negoitiate with extremists, Obama seemed to think you could. Now he's wasted a precious year he should have spent doing what the Amerian ppl wanted him in there for....GOP must be laughing its head off, they have a dumb controllable blonde positioning herself as the next Bush, while the Democrats hand them 2012.....

Like duh.

@Marky Mark: #1 "My sympathies

@Marky Mark: #1 "My sympathies are with the public rather than Mr Krugman." Then you are in sync with PK, you should read in detail what he says. He wants to get un-employment down as the over-riding policy. The stimulus is just that, there to keep ppl in work or get them back into work.

The stimulus was too small I/he think(s), but more importantly it was diluted with tax cuts and pork barrel politics to get it through that returned poor value for money, or if you will poor multipliers compared to one of injections into projects.

Indeed I generally agree with you, the money has been spent poorly in some if not many cases, but PK also says this. Cash for clunkers is a joke...its just a subsidy for Ford and GM to keep going and not for them to turn their businesses in a new direction ie hybrids and all electrics, re-ttol in other words...I can understand why its been sppent so badly, the Democrats are desperate to stop their heartland dying on them but die it will I think.....it should have reformed over the last 10~15 years but didnt, now its paying the price for that.

@Wally, indeed the water has been murky, but now the monster that is multiple asset bubbles all over the word fueled by cheap money and a gambler free for all is near the surface...its seems to have many heads, many moths and lots of sharp teeth....pretty it isnt.

@Kristian J: Like "Sir" Dodgy Roger Douglas you mean? infamy is more like it...

I think Shylock has had is pound of flesh but now he's after the interest, currently I suspect its both legs and arms...

regards

The new slogan at the

The new slogan at the banks is "extend and pretend."

http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/22/commercial-property-ruth-...

Are you being rude Shazza....?

Are you being rude Shazza....?

The game is up Shazza!....the

The game is up Shazza!....the latest mortgagee data is the kiss of death to the summer market and from then on the slide will get ugly through 2010. Keep an eye on the weakest bank...whichever one carries the largest load of res. mortgages on its books.

Yes, Mortgagee sales are up....that

Yes, Mortgagee sales are up....that does not look good...and ppl are defaulting now at low interest rates...let alone a year from now...with higher and rising rates and a poor economy (still).

For me I wonder how many ppl/investors have for the last year struggled to cope, hoping we'd come out of recession and if at some point we dont see them giving up...

regards

More to throw into this,

More to throw into this,

http://www.smh.com.au/business/foreign-investors-flock-to-australian-pro...

Hot money abounds.......

Just finished reading the Treasury

Just finished reading the Treasury article in The NZ Herald and it looks as they they have decided to go round the govt and let the public have it in the face. No more games now. Key and his lot are looking very sick on this matter. Some serious damage being done to the govt.

@Wally: this time last year

@Wally: this time last year the Treasury's worst case forecast scenario was exceeded...IRD could usually predict the state of the economy far more accurately....one should ask why....I suspect its because the place is filled with right wing economists who have no real clue, so their figures are biased by their ideology, hence wrong.

""If the opportunity is embraced, far-reaching tax reform could make a powerful contribution to jump-starting a process that, over a decade or two, could close the income gaps."

So we end up with yet another 2 decades of ideological experimentation and suffer the consequences...

"You have the opportunity for once-in-a-generation reorientation of the tax system," it told ministers.

So forget the mandate the ppl gave the Govn....go with the right wing zealotry we suffered under Dodgy Roger and Ruth Ruthless....I can see one huge saving right now, disband Treasury...

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