By Alex Tarrant
New Zealand’s unemployment rate rose unexpectedly in the March 2012 quarter to its highest in more than a year, because of a rise in the number of people looking for jobs.
Economists described the data as "unambiguously soft" and said the labour market's recovery, particularly outside of Canterbury, appeared to be "losing momentum." In response to the poor figures, ASB's economists delayed their expectation for a Reserve Bank rate hike til March next year from December 2012, following a similar move by Westpac about a month ago.
March quarter unemployment was 6.7%, according to seasonally adjusted figures released by Statistics New Zealand today. That was up from a revised 6.4% (revised from 6.3%) in the December 2011 quarter. The number of unemployed rose by 9,000 people to 160,000.
Economists polled by Reuters had given a median expectation of 6.3% for the unemployment rate. The 6.7% matched the unemployment rate in the December 2010 quarter. The NZ$ initially dipped to a four month low of 80.6 USc from 81.1 USc after the number.
Excluding Canterbury, the national unemployment rate would have been 7%. Canterbury unemployment was 5.5% in the March quarter, up from 5.0% in December. Statistics New Zealand said the Canterbury figures had a sampling error of 0.9%.
The number of people employed nationwide rose by 9,000, or 0.4%, to 2,230,000. The Reuters poll had given an expectation employment would rise by 0.3%.
But outside of Canterbury the number of people employed fell by 5,000 to 1,905,000 in the March quarter from December.
The employment rate (the number of employed as a percentage of the working age population) rose from 63.9% in December to 64.2% in the March quarter. This was the highest number of people employed as a proportion of the working age population since the June 2009 quarter, after its most recent peak in the December 2008 quarter.
The reason both unemployment and employment both rose in the March quarter was due to more people joining the labour force, which counts those in work (employed), and those actively seeking work but not in it (unemployed).
The labour force rose by 18,000 people from December to 2,390,000, a rise of 0.8%. Of those, 9,000 got jobs, hence the rise in employment, while 9,000 were still looking for work at the end of the quarter, hence the rise in the unemployment rate.
The labour force participation rate (employed and unemployed as a percentage of New Zealand’s working age population) rose from 68.2% in December to 68.8% in March.
“We saw increases in both the number of people in work and the number out there looking for work in the March 2012 quarter,” Stats NZ industry and labour statistics manager Diane Ramsay said.
“This meant participation in the labour force rose to the highest level since its peak just over three years ago,” she said.
Compared with the December 2011 quarter part-time employment rose 2.5 percent, to a new peak in the March quarter. In contrast, full-time employment fell slightly (down 0.2%), Stats NZ said.
The rise in unemployment reflected more women in unemployment, while no more men were unemployed. This meant the same number of men and women were unemployed, it said.
The number of 'underemployed' people - those working part-time but wanting more work - was 107,600 in the March quarter. That was up from 103,600 in the March 2011 quarter. Underemployment figures are not seasonally adjusted.
Economist reaction
Westpac:
An unambiguously soft employment report for the March quarter. The unemployment rate rose above the range of market and RBNZ expectations, all of the jobs growth was in part-time work, and hours worked fell outside of the Canterbury region. The HLFS survey is an unreliable indicator on its own, but it adds to a range of top-down indicators that suggest weak growth in March quarter GDP.
The unemployment rate rose to 6.7% in the March quarter (and December was revised up slightly to 6.4%), well above market and RBNZ forecasts for a steady 6.3%. Total employment rose by 0.4%, largely as expected, but there was a sharp rise in the participation rate to a near-record 68.8%.
The quarterly movements were rather selective, as often happens in this survey, but the overall tone was soft. Male unemployment was steady, but female unemployment more than reversed the sharp drop seen in the December quarter (which we cast a wary eye on at the time). Part-time growth saw another strong increase, rising 2.5%, whereas full-time employment was weak for a second quarter in a row, falling 0.2%.
Both actual and usual (i.e. excluding things like overtime) hours were flat, and actually fell outside the Canterbury region. Within Canterbury, unemployment has fallen over the past year but this has largely been due to a fall in the working age population - jobs are still down in the region compared to a year ago.
Market reaction
The market was primed for surprises on the downside, and the reaction was relatively small. NZD/USD was down 20 points to 0.8070, 2 year swap rates were down 2 basis points.
ASB economists
Although employment growth held up close to market expectations, an outsized increase in the participation rate saw the unemployment rate rise sharply to 6.7% (from a previously revised 6.4%). Because of recent volatility, the trend estimate of the unemployment rate provides a better picture of underlying labour market conditions, and is currently sitting at 6.6%. Over the past two quarters, volatility in the participation rate (which happens from time to time) has translated into volatility in the unemployment rate over the past two quarters. Looking through this, it appears the unemployment remains largely unchanged from levels that have prevailed over the past year. This highlights the subdued pace of recovery in the labour market.
Looking closer at the detail within the report, there are encouraging signs the Canterbury region is starting to recover with employment lifting almost 5% over the quarter. Over the past year, employment in Canterbury has fallen 1.8% as a result of the February 2011 earthquake and resulting CBD closure, with the largest job loss stemming from retail, accommodation and food services industries. Stats NZ noted there has been some offset by the increase in construction employment in Canterbury over the past year. This, along with the recent increase in building approvals, is an encouraging sign the rebuild is now on track to start around the middle of 2012.
Looking at the remainder of the country, it appears the labour market recovery is starting to lose momentum. Employment fell 0.3% over the quarter outside of Canterbury. In addition, ex-Canterbury hours worked have fallen sharply over the past two quarters (declines of 1.3% and 1.2% consecutively). This fall in hours worked has coincided with a decline in full-time employment and a corresponding increase in part-time employment. This suggests that activity may be underperforming businesses expectations, and has resulted in reducing staff hours.
Implications – changed OCR view
Some of the details in the HLFS release added to an accumulation of small negatives for the inflation outlook that having been building up. As a result we have pushed out the timing of when we expect the OCR will first increase to March 2013 (from December 2012).
On balance, the March quarter employment report was slightly softer than expected. Whilst employment picked up close to market expectations, more of this was due to Canterbury recovering while employment growth in the rest of the country appears to have lost momentum. The very subdued pace of recovery in the labour market has seen the unemployment rate has remained elevated at 6.6% over the past year. The unemployment rate is higher than the RBNZ’s March MPS forecast of 6.3%, and is yet another indication the economy is underperforming expectations.
The HLFS results add to several other developments suggesting more caution by the RBNZ this year: the marked decline in commodity prices, particularly over the last couple of months; the NZD, with the strong focus on it by the RBNZ and its resilience even as commodity prices have fallen; and the likelihood of another tight Budget later this month.
But we still judge that the RBNZ is underestimating future inflation pressures, particularly from the strengthening housing market and rebuild of Christchurch. Although we have pushed out the timing of the first increase, we continue to expect OCR increases at 3-month intervals, taking the OCR to a peak of 4% in June 2014.
BNZ's Craig Ebert
How slack is New Zealand’s labour market, really? One could imagine quite a bit, judging by today’s Q1 Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS). After all, its unemployment rate measure bounced back up to 6.7%, from the (revised) 6.4% it dipped to in Q4. Back in tight old days, it went below 4.0%. However, looking at the way wage and salary inflation has already normalised, at around 3.5% y/y, we might wonder if there’s any real slack at all, in this new world of ours. Whatever the truth of the matter, ongoing momentum in jobs growth is set to put the pressure on.
As for how the RBNZ will see the last HLFS, we suspect it will emphasise the soft bits in it, and the impression of added spare capacity the higher unemployment rate gives. It’s worth noting, the Bank, like the market, expected today’s unemployment figure to be 6.3%. This can only encourage our central bankers to err on the side of delay (even toy with the idea of a rate cut). But that would only be for the Bank to risk over-stimulating the economy into inflationary pressure all over again, in our opinion.
The markets have been on a bit of a see-saw as they’ve digested today’s labour market statistics. The knee-jerk was negative, related to the jump in the unemployment rate, then came a bit of stability, as the good news of employment and participation was absorbed. On balance, however, a depressive tone dominated. By the close of luncheon, the NZ dollar is down about a quarter of a US cent and wholesale yields are lower by about 5-7 basis points. The latter reinforces a view on the Official Cash Rate as slack as New Zealand’s unemployment rate appears. However, we don’t see how it can be all that slack, given the rate of wage inflation already, and the strong employment momentum in train. And so we remain averse to softening our view on the OCR.
(Adds initial currency drop, underemployment, Stats NZ comments, Westpac reaction, ASB reaction, BNZ reaction)
The charts below detail unadjusted figures:
Unemployment
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