Content reposted from Treasury's Monthly Economic Indicators
Statistics New Zealand has redeveloped the Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS), the official source of data on employment and unemployment.
The revisions bring New Zealand data into line with the latest international standards (although not all statistical agencies have adopted these standards, notably the European Union).
The June quarter 2016 data release on 17 August will incorporate these changes.
This special topic briefly summarises some of the key changes. It then looks at the implications of the revised data for the labour market and economic outlook, including what this means for the Budget Update forecasts. It concludes with a brief look at the new underutilisation measure.
Changes to the HLFS methodology
Statistics New Zealand have produced a number of papers summarising the changes to the HLFS methodology, including the revised data series.1 A key change in the HLFS methodology is to the definition of unemployment. Internet job search has been reclassified from active to passive job search, and thus does not meet the twin criteria for being unemployed – actively seeking and available for work. Consequently the number of unemployed and the unemployment rate has been revised lower.
There are also revisions to other series including usual hours worked, which changes the split between full-time and part-time workers. The redevelopment also introduces underutilisation as an official measure. Underutilisation will comprise those people who are unemployed, underemployed (i.e. would like to work more hours if the work was available) and the potential labour force (those available to work but not actively looking and those actively looking but not available to work).
Summary of revisions
Unemployment
• The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate is around 0.5% lower than previously over the period 2010 to 2016. The average over this period is revised to 5.8% from 6.3% (Figure 1).
• The number of unemployed is lower by around 12,000 per quarter on average.
• For the March 2016 quarter, the unemployment rate is revised down from 5.7% to 5.2% (following 5.0% in December).
Labour force participation
• The participation rate is revised down by an average of 0.3%-points per quarter. The average since 2010 is now 68.2%, from 68.5% previously (Figure 2).
• For the March 2016 quarter, the participation rate is revised down to 68.7% from 69.0%.
• The number of people employed and the employment rate have not changed.
Total hours
• Total usual hours worked increases around 4.4%, as there are now more full-time workers and fewer part-time workers. This is largely a technical change due to different imputation techniques for non-responses (Figure 3).
• Revisions to actual hours worked are relatively small and therefore growth in labour productivity is broadly similar.
Implications for the labour market outlook
The methodological changes are a recalibration of some of the key measures of the survey and result in shifts in the levels of those measures over time. Applying the average reduction over the past few years to the Treasury Budget Update forecast results in the unemployment rate increasing to around 5.2% over 2016 (previously it peaked at 5.7%) and then falling below 5.0% in late 2017 (Figure 4).
As discussed in recent Monthly Economic Indicator reports, data since the Budget Update forecasts were finalised point to a slightly more positive economic outlook in the near term. This may lead to a slightly slower increase in the unemployment rate in the near term than previously expected. That said, heightened global volatility in the wake of the Brexit vote and other international developments are a potential source of risk to the economic and labour market outlook.
Implications for the economic outlook
Some commentators might suggest that there is now less spare capacity in the labour market than previously thought, which would imply greater inflationary pressure. Conversely, the downward revision to unemployment adds to the puzzling lack of inflationary pressure evident in an economy that is operating closer to full capacity than previously thought.
Treasury takes the view that the unemployment rate consistent with full employment (the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment or NAIRU) has also fallen over time, so that, as in Figure 4 above, it would be closer to 4.0% than our Budget Update estimate of 4.5%. Our view is that while the data definition and published data have changed, people’s behaviour has not.
Measures of economic output (GDP), the capital stock and the rate of inflation have not changed, suggesting that estimates of potential output and the output gap are unchanged. That is, our estimates of spare capacity are unlikely to change and thus these data do not have implications for the inflation outlook or monetary policy.
Underutilisation of the labour force
The new underutilisation measure promises to be a useful addition to the suite of labour market indicators. Given the increasingly flexible nature of the labour market and employment practices, underutilisation may be a more appropriate measure of labour capacity utilisation than unemployment alone.
Figure 5 indicates that while unemployment has been falling steadily from its post-GFC peak, underutilisation remains close to its post-GFC peak. This divergence may reflect broader changes in the way people move between partand full-time employment and in and out of the labour force, and may partly account for relatively low wage inflation in recent years. Treasury will assess the potential implications of the underutilisation rate further once the data becomes available.
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