Here's my Top 10 links from around the Internet at 2 pm today in association with NZ Mint.
We welcome your additions in the comments below or via email to bernard.hickey@interest.co.nz.
See all previous Top 10s here.
My must read today is #2 on the tragedy of the commons in Europe's banking system. Read it and realise Europe is so, so stuffed.
1. McWages - We've all heard of The Economist's Big Mac index to try to get a measure of real exchange rates and just how 'over priced' or 'under priced' an economy is.
Now there's a way to work out how 'over paid' or 'under paid' workers at McDonalds are relative to their colleagues in various countries, and relative to the cost to eat of what they produce.
US economist Timothy Taylor points on his blog to this research by Orley Ashenfelter on real wage rates that use the wages of McDonalds workers and converts them into Big Macs Per hour worked -- ie how many Big Macs could a worker buy with one hour's wages making Big Macs.
It's a fascinating idea.
The research shows that third world workers are paid much less in Big Macs per hour than their developed world colleagues.
Interestingly, the research then tracked the productivity of workers in different countries generally to see how 'fair' the over payment and undepayment might be.
The chart shows it's generally fair, although there are a few outliers, including New Zealand.
McDonalds workers are paid slightly more than their US counterparts per hour, but New Zealand workers generally are about half as productive.
Taylor makes some good points here about productivity, but somehow we have to make sure that productivity has been turned into wages for the masses. That hasn't happened in America.
The key lesson of the figure is that the differences in McWages across countries line up with the overall productivity differences across countries. The main exceptions, in the upper right-hand part of the diagram, are countries where the McWage is above U.S. levels but output-per-hour for the economy as a whole is below U.S. levels: New Zealand, Japan, Italy, Germany. These are countries with minimum wage laws that push up the McWage.
Ashenfelter emphasizes in his remarks how real wages can be used to assess and compare the living standards of workers. I would add that these measures show that the most important factor determining wages for most of us is not our personal skills and human capital, or our effort and initiative, but whether we are using those skills and human capital in the context of a a high-productivity or a low-productivity economy.
2. The tragedy of the commons - Economists Aaron Tornell and Frank Westermann write at VoxEu about the expansion of credit in Southern Europe in recent years as central banks and others there discover the opportunity and tragedy of using a common resource (central bank credit) where the costs are shared. It is today's must read in full.
The chart belows shows central bank loans to banks in peripheral Europe of GIIPS (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) vs loans to banks in the core Euro-zone area of GNFL (Greece, Netherlands, France and Luxembourg).
Despite the recently-announced €100 billion European Financial Stability Facility loan to Spain and the recent Greek elections, this column argues that Eurozone periphery may soon need another large-scale rescue operation. But it fears that without reform at the ECB, the rescue package will be just yet another temporary plaster over the cracks.
The late, great scholar of crises, Rudi Dornbusch, put it aptly: “In a very rich country you can afford to do very bad things for very, very long.” The Eurozone is in the process of finding out just how long “very, very long” means.
Despite the recently-announced €100 billion European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) loan to Spain and the recent Greek elections, the Eurozone periphery may soon need a new large-scale rescue operation. Two likely events may force such rescue operation to avoid a panic: Deposit flight, and The need to rollover government debt.
Without institutional reform, however, the next rescue package will simply be another link in a continuous process of backstop measures undertaken since 2007.
According to some commentators, the Eurozone has been saddled in a bad equilibrium because the ECB waited too long before using its Big Bazooka and has refused to act as a lender of last resort. They believe that if the next rescue operation were only big enough, the Eurozone drama would come to a happy end. We disagree. What ails the Eurozone is neither the ECB’s lack of monetary expansion nor the multiple equilibria syndrome, but rather the tragedy-of-the-commons.
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3. The Great Abdication - Paul Krugman asks at The New York Times if 2012 is turning into the new 1931.
Suddenly normally calm economists are talking about 1931, the year everything fell apart.
It started with a banking crisis in a small European country (Austria). Austria tried to step in with a bank rescue — but the spiraling cost of the rescue put the government’s own solvency in doubt. Austria’s troubles shouldn’t have been big enough to have large effects on the world economy, but in practice they created a panic that spread around the world. Sound familiar?
The really crucial lesson of 1931, however, was about the dangers of policy abdication. Stronger European governments could have helped Austria manage its problems. Central banks, notably the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve, could have done much more to limit the damage. But nobody with the power to contain the crisis stepped up to the plate; everyone who could and should have acted declared that it was someone else’s responsibility. And it’s happening again, both in Europe and in America.
4. September is a dangerous month - The Economist points to research from Luc Laeven and Fabian Valencia on how September is the worst month for banking crises...
But why?
The Economist has a few ideas.
I recall reading that historically the fall was a popular time for crises because farmers needed to borrow to bring in the harvest, which strained fractional-reserve banking systems. I can't think why that pattern would persist into the post-industrial era. One theory blames the October 30th fiscal year-end of American mutual funds; managers trying to avoid losses or hold onto gains for the year were more likely to succumb to herd behavior as that date approached. But that wouldn't explain why the pattern holds in other countries which, I assume, have different year-ends. Maybe it's because policy makers and bankers don't confront their problems until they get back from vacation, the macro equivalent of doctors scheduling c-sections during office hours.
No matter the explanation, this gives more reason, as if you needed more, to sweat as the fall approaches. Just to elevate the anxiety further: another calendar pattern to which Mr Rogoff first alerted me is the tendency for crises to happen in election years; think Mexico, 1982 and 1994, Korea, 1998, America, 2008, Greece, 2009. The intuition behind this was that crises are the result of imbalances that accumulate over a long time. Politicians have a strong incentive to delay dealing with them until after an election, and often, as was the case with Greece, to actually hide the truth until the polls close. This means imbalances often reach their breaking point right around the election.
5. Colin Meads still 10th most trusted New Zealander - The All Black legend who promoted Provincial Finance to Mum and Dad investors has been named the 10th most trusted New Zealander in the latest Readers Digest poll.
Though to be fair to Pinetree, Provincial Finance receivers returned 92.2% of money to investors. See our Deep Freeze list here.
Richard Long, who promoted Hanover Finance, doesn't make the list...
6. Deleveraging and the Depression Gang - Krugman also has an excellent critique of the Bank for International Settlements report saying central banks can't and shouldn't do much more to solve the world's economic problems.
It's a useful summary that touches on the problems of a global balance sheet recession:
the deleveraging shock has been so large that we’re hard up against the zero lower bound; interest rates can’t go low enough. And so we have a persistent excess of desired saving over desired investment, which is to say persistently inadequate demand, which is to say a depression.
By the way, this is in a fundamental sense a market failure: there is a price mechanism, the real interest rate, that because of the zero lower bound can’t do its job under certain circumstances, namely the circumstances we face now.
What to do? One answer is fiscal policy: let governments temporarily run big enough deficits to maintain more or less full employment, while the private sector repairs its balance sheets. The other answer is unconventional monetary policy to get around the problem of the zero lower bound: maybe unconventional asset purchases, but the obvious answer is to try to create expected inflation, so as to reduce real rates.
Now look at what the serious people say: we must have fiscal austerity, not stimulus, because debt is bad; we must not have unconventional monetary policy, because that would endanger “credibility” (where it’s not at all clear what that means). So basically, we must do nothing to fix this horrific market failure, and allow unemployment to fester instead.
8. Another point of view - A Harvard University study of global oil fields predicts oil production could grow 20% by 2020 and trigger a collapse in prices.
No worries then.... Still can't work out why production hasn't increased much over the last 5 years or so when prices more than doubled, but hey, it's coming right?
The findings by Leonardo Maugeri, a former oil industry executive who is now a fellow in the Geopolitics of Energy Project in the Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, are based on an original field-by-field analysis of the world’s major oil formations and exploration projects.
Contrary to some predictions that world oil production has peaked or will soon do so, Maugeri projects that output should grow from the current 93 million barrels per day to 110 million barrels per day by 2020, the biggest jump in any decade since the 1980s. What’s more, this increase represents less than 40 percent of the new oil production under development globally: more than 60 percent of the new production will likely reach the market after 2020.
His study attributes the expected growth in oil output largely to a combination of high oil prices and new technologies such as hydraulic fracturing that are opening up vast new areas and allowing extraction of “unconventional” oil such as tight oil, oil shale, tar sands and ultra-heavy oil. These increases are projected to be greatest in the United States, Canada, Venezuela and Brazil. Maugeri also predicts a major increase in Iraq’s oil output as it regains stability, which will add new production in the Persian Gulf region -- potentially destabilizing OPEC’s ability to manage output and prices.
9. Another another point of view - Vivek Wadhwa writes at Forbes that, contrary to some views, the world is about to embark on its most innovative decade to solve its growth problems.
Many people believe that we’ve run out of ideas and that the future will be one of bleak shortages of food, energy, and water. Billionaire Peter Thiel, for example, argues that despite spectacular advances in computer-related fields, technological progress has actually stalled because the internal combustion engine still rules our highways, the cancer death rate has barely changed since 1971, and the top speed at which people can travel has ceased to improve.
Thiel is right about engines, speed, and cancer death rates. But he and the pessimists are completely wrong about what lies ahead. I don’t believe that the future holds shortages and stagnation; it is more likely to be one in which we debate how we can distribute the abundance and prosperity that we’ve created.
Why am I so optimistic? Because of the wide assortment of technologies that are advancing at exponential rates and converging. They are enabling small teams to do what was once only possible for governments and large corporations. These exponential technologies will help us solve many of humanity’s grand challenges, including energy, education, water, food, and health.
10. Totally Stephen Colbert talking to Paul Krugman
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