
By Eric Strikwerda*
During Donald Trump’s first term as president, the United States lurched from the absurdity of his lies to the use of his office for personal financial gain, his schoolyard insults and his utter contempt for critics. His term ended with his irresponsible and dangerous incitement of the assault on the Capitol building on Jan. 6, 2021.
This time around, Trump is relying on outdated tools — tariffs, small government, territorial expansion and nationalism — to solve modern problems of globalization, wealth disparities, the decline of manufacturing jobs and exploitative capitalism.
On April 2, he announced a baseline tariff of 10 per cent on all imports that aren’t compliant with the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement. Canada has also been hit with a 25 per cent levy on Canadian-made automobiles.
The Trump administration’s current use of 19th-century tools to solve 20th-century problems that are wholly inappropriate for the 21st century threatens to take America back to the 19th century. This is an incredibly dangerous road for the U.S to take.
The rise of the nation state
The 19th century was marked by the rise of the nation-state — a single political entity united by geography, culture and language.
This was, in many respects, the result of the rapidly industrializing world shifting away from monarchical rule and mercantile economics toward limited democratic rule and free-market capitalism.
It was a time of tariffs, small government, territorial expansion and nationalism. It was also a time of mass migration from Europe to North America, where rampant nativism, colonialism and unchecked and exploitative capitalism shaped the landscape.
The prevailing belief at the time was that nation-states should use tariffs, adopt isolationist policies to cut off the outside world and seize territory where possible. These measures, it was thought, would foster national unity and allow capitalism to thrive by letting the “invisible hand” of the marketplace work its magic.
Protective tariffs promised to grow domestic industries, but the economic benefits were not evenly distributed. Wealth disparities grew wider as millions of immigrants arrived on North American shores, only to find deplorable living conditions in the cities and hardscrabble farmland out in the country.
Some newcomers prospered, of course, but they tended to be those who arrived with money already in their pockets. And they fast learned how to exploit the lack of state-directed regulation, patches of corruption amid rapid western expansion and growing nativism and poverty to their own benefit.
Many of the 20th century’s problems flowed from these 19th-century trends.
The economic fallout of tariffs
Following the financial Panic of 1873 and its ensuing economic depression in both Europe and North America, nation-states unleashed tariffs to protect their domestic economies. It was the wrong strategy to pursue, as it slowed trade even more by limiting the free flow of goods and capital. Money, as is now well-known, needs to move to grow.
Working families chafed at the lack of labour protections like bargaining rights, health and safety measures, unemployment insurance and sick benefits. In response, they formed unions and initiated waves of strikes throughout the western industrialised world.
Western North American farmers were furious that tariffs forced them to buy on protected markets while selling on unprotected ones subject to international market prices. They organized, too, by forming farmer co-operatives and backing movements like the Granger movement, populism and progressivism to protect their interests.
Nation-states, warmed by rising nationalist fires, formed military-defence alliances across Europe and its colonial and former colonial holdings, including Canada. In 1914, these alliances led to the First World War, a global and industrial war the likes of which the world had never seen.
The Great Depression
By the 1930s, unrestricted and largely unregulated capitalism, together with astonishing wealth disparities and monopolistic tendencies, plunged the world into the decade-long Great Depression.
Many governments’ initial response was to impose tariffs once again, and just as in 1873, they only made the problem worse. The simultaneous rise of fascism, which was largely nationalism run amok, brought the world to war again at the end of the decade, to devastating consequence.
The post-war years saw a concerted international effort at using the nation-state to regulate domestic economies by investing in social services and programs and to rein in runaway capital when its excesses threatened stability.
International bodies like the World Bank, the United Nations and the International Court of Justice were created to promote peace and stability. This new approach wasn’t always successful in its goals, but so far the world hasn’t seen any global hot wars or massive economic depressions.
The end of history
In 1992, historian Frances Fukuyama infamously declared that the world had reached “the end of history.”
He didn’t mean that time stopped, of course. Instead, he was arguing that the liberal nation-state represented “the end-point of mankind’s ideological evolution and the universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.”
In his view, the western industrialized world had reached the pinnacle of successful governance and unlimited prosperity.
Yet, even as western liberal democracy was congratulating itself on its own success, these same nation-states, in conjunction with large corporations, were seeking out lower labour costs and greater profit in the developing world.
The result was a hollowing-out of North America’s industrial heartlands, along with rampant exploitation of vulnerable labour in places like Asia, South Asia and South Central America. Once mighty American cities declined. Wages failed to keep up with inflation. Farm debt soared.
This is where the Trump administration re-enters the story — tapping into the frustration and disillusionment of frustrated Americans by promising to restore a “golden age” that never was.
Trump’s 19th-century playbook
Despite his promises, Trump’s tariffs are unlikely to bring manufacturing jobs back to the U.S. As history has shown, tariffs do not revive industries that are already gone; instead, they will only make Americans pay more for the things they need.
A return to small government won’t “make America great again,” either. Instead, it risks repeating the 19th-century pattern of making the rich richer and gutting the very social programs millions of people rely on. The Trump administration’s massive and ongoing cuts to the Social Security Administration are already well under way.
Trump’s rhetoric about territorial expansion, including threats to annex Greenland and Canada, won’t make the U.S. more secure. It will just exacerbate the sort of international tensions the world saw in 1914 and 1939.
And with limited resources left to exploit, it’s becoming harder for capital to sustain itself, even as it seeks to wrest whatever is left from our planet, the realities of environmental catastrophe be damned.
Nationalism, meanwhile, won’t foster a sense of national unity. It will only deepen existing divisions based on race and class. And if history is any guide, the consequences could be even more dire this time around, even pushing the world toward a global conflict unlike anything seen before.
*Eric Strikwerda, Associate Professor, History, Athabasca University.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
18 Comments
At last someone is acknowledging that we have built what we have on the exploitation of virgin resources (with the use of new found energy) and those unexploited lands no longer remain.
The end of growth.
Let me be Frank,
The end of growth. If that is true, how do you see the future panning out? Must there be a huge fall in global population, say to under 2bn? Will nation states collapse?
A decrease in output must mean a decrease in lifestyle options and ultimately population....how that occurs is the unknown. Will humans discard previous inclinations and choose a co operative self managed decline?...seems unlikely. Some may, or at least attempt to do so but will they remain unmolested?...probably not.
'And with limited resources left to exploit, it’s becoming harder for capital to sustain itself, even as it seeks to wrest whatever is left from our planet, the realities of environmental catastrophe be damned.'
We're going to see a lot more comment like this, sooner than most think (most folk are linear rather than exponential in their thinking).
We have to be looking at war(s) over 'what's left', and given that exponential growth consumes the last half of any stock in the last 'doubling' (if 3% growth, a doubling is a mere 24 years), we can pick the timeframe of the conflict(s). Whatever happens will be in the rear-view mirror by 2050.
Some folk try and turn their revulsion to that prognosis, into 'reality' by various means - attacking the messenger is one; belief is another - but reality doesn't seem to care about human emotions. Interesting times.
Edit - of course, in practice the ;ast half of a resource-stock collection cannot facilitate a 'doubling' - and as time advances the slow-down will increase. An equalling, is a better description. Still over by 2050.
Let me be Frank,
"A decrease in output must mean a decrease in lifestyle options and ultimately population". Well, we know that the global population will start to decline-and quite rapidly-later in this century and a decrease in lifestyle options might be no bad thing. In the west at least, most of us have more 'stuff' than we really need.
We can also be sure that we will continue to exploit fossil fuels as long as possible. The big question is how the transition will eventually be made; relatively comfortably or very painfully? I don't know the answer and there may well be conflicts over resources, but unlike pdk, I don't accept that utter catastrophe is inevitable, by 2050 or any other date. His view that earth's carrying capacity is under 1bn is disputed by many.
I may have missed it but the only figure I recall PDK giving re population was a quarter of current or 2 billion thereabouts....and as we managed around a billion without current technology/knowledge for centuries that would appear a reasonable figure to consider.
That it (assuming you mean resource depletion) is inevitable is beyond doubt, by a certain date less so...and 'catasprophe' depends upon your view of events.....some consider the end of the human species a positive for the environment, I think that may be taking things a little too far.
The actual number is fairly irrelevant, it's the consumption rate of the population.
We could have a billion or so first world consumers (maybe less).
Or many billion Indians or Africans.
The problem isn't so much finite resources, it's distribution therein.
"The problem isn't so much finite resources, it's distribution therein."
The problem is indeed finite resources....and rate of consumption is the key, not necessarily distribution or population, but obviously a greater population requires greater rates of consumption to provide even the bare necessities of existence....and then there are waste streams.
From a nutritional perspective, primary agriculture consumes a fairly small percentage of our entire energy usage. Much of the lions share goes towards providing a discretional lifestyle to a much smaller subset.
We average 2 cars per household, while the Indians have one car per 7 households. If the wealthier global citizen lived a lifestyle more like an Indian, resource scarcity wouldn't factor into the equation anywhere near as much.
Discretionary consumption does indeed consume much of the energy/resource requirements of the global economy and consequently the waste streams however the point is that without those (one time) benefits of increased energy/resource extraction the world supported a population of around 1 billion...that limit was imposed by the regional capacity in the face of occasional crop failures etc...all overcome by a global economy that runs at max output given available energy/resources....those resources are in decline because of that accelerated extraction.
Sure.
But a global population where most people lived a relatively austere life, could be significantly higher than 2 billion people. The resources are just being distributed extremely poorly.
History would say otherwise...sans fossil fuels the hockey stick of population grow was not occurring.
You're assuming improved agricultural productivity from fossil fuels usage was the key driver there.
I would put more stock in the fact that over the same period, we went from half the population dying before reaching the age of procreation, to very low modern levels. Fossil fuels usage aided in the development of that technology, but the energy cost to maintain it, is again very low tier.
I am 'assuming' the entire system supported by a growing volume of both resources and energy....start reducing those factors a see how that system performs, or rather dosn't.....the resource /energy requirements of maintaining that system grow by the day, definitely not 'very low tier'.
Couldn't get past the intense TDS of the first sentence.
It should be obvious to anyone with even a moderate amount of emotional intelligence that Trump is of a personality type that has him thinking and saying things using a less than typical logical framework. There's little to no consistency of thought, statements are often empty, and the individual holds little to no fixed beliefs.
Understanding how this sort of person interacts with reality is often of more insight than trying to appraise what they're doing using conventional thought. Thats not quite the same as just saying "orange man bad".
You should try tp. The rest of the article makes interesting reading.
Easter Island 2.0?
https://www.stuff.co.nz/world-news/360642862/trump-administration-order…
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