An Australian-based bank economist is questioning the usefulness of the Reserve Bank's 'forward guidance' of the future expected level of the Official Cash Rate (OCR).
Ahead of the RBNZ's latest review of the OCR on Wednesday (August 14), HSBC chief economist, Australia, NZ & Global Commodities Paul Bloxham said the central bank's "forward guidance strategy" is in focus.
"The guidance the RBNZ gave in May 2024 was that a near-term hike [of the OCR] was more likely than a cut, and that rate cuts were not expected until Q3 2025. This was a substantial hawkish tilt at the time and was delivered despite the RBNZ's own forecasts for inflation to gradually fall and the unemployment rate to rise," Bloxham said.
A key role that forward guidance is supposed to play is to inform central bank observers about the "reaction function" of the central bank, he said.
"That is, it is supposed to show how the central bank thinks it would respond to certain economic outcomes. For example, if inflation falls by a certain amount and the unemployment rate rises by some amount, what the central bank is likely to do with its policy rate in response."
It could be that the forward guidance in May "was not a genuine reflection of the central bank's reaction function. If so, a much closer examination of the usefulness of forward guidance should be considered," Bloxham said.
"...A key upshot for us is that, at this stage, it appears that the forward guidance in May increased, rather than decreased, the uncertainty about the RBNZ's reaction function."
The event Bloxham refers to is the RBNZ's May 22 OCR review and Monetary Policy Statement (MPS), which saw the RBNZ's shock 'hawkish' turn in which it gave a greater than 50% chance of the OCR (currently at 5.5%) being hiked again, while cuts were seen as being well over a year away.
This was, however, in fairly short order followed in the next review in July by a 'dovish pivot' in which the RBNZ made clear that OCR falls were very much coming into focus.
Since then the wholesale interest rate markets have been 'pricing in' more and more OCR cuts.
Bloxham said for the RBNZ, the challenge at the moment is how vastly different its forward guidance in May has been from market expectations, both now and at that time.
"Adding to this challenge, some of the key economic data that the central bank forecasts - the CPI and unemployment rate - have turned out largely as the RBNZ had expected, but the RBNZ's own projections for the cash rate are still a very long way from market pricing."
Bloxham said it could be that market pricing "is too aggressively dovish".
"Perhaps the forward guidance will prove to be a genuine reflection of the central bank's reaction function.
"However, even if this is the case, and the cash rate is held steady this week, it seems likely that cuts are coming much sooner than Q3 2025 and we expect adjustments to the RBNZ's projections to reflect this on Wednesday."
Bloxham said HSBC's "central case" is that the RBNZ will remain on hold this week, with cuts beginning in the December quarter 2024.
"But given all the uncertainty, we see this week's decision as a close call. Whatever happens, Wednesday's RBNZ announcement is set to be action-packed."
Elsewhere there are plenty of differing views about what might happen in the OCR review.
The nine-strong 'Shadow Board' of economists, academics and business leaders that the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research gets together to offer views of what will happen in OCR reviews is "divided" ahead of this week's review, according to the NZIER.
"Over half of the Shadow Board members viewed that a 25 basis-point decrease in the OCR is needed now, given the continued slowing in the New Zealand economy and the labour market, and annual CPI inflation is nearing the 1% to 3% inflation target band. The rest of the members recommended the Reserve Bank keep the OCR at 5.5%. One member considered that there is still not enough evidence from the economic data indicators to justify a cut in the OCR now," NZIER senior economist Ting Huang said.
And ASB economists have joined economists at BNZ and Kiwibank to make three out of the big five banks calling for an OCR cut this week.
In ASB's Economic Weekly, ASB chief economist Nick Tuffley, calling for a 25-basis-point (bps) cut this week, said the RBNZ's biggest room for regret "has quickly moved to holding interest rates too high for too long, with long-held concerns about easing too soon fading rapidly".
Tuffley said even an orderly string of 25bps cuts starting this week would still take until late 2025 until the OCR gets back around a "neutral" level.
"That is an extremely long time for monetary conditions to remain restrictive – a year after inflation has got into the target band," he said."The longer the RBNZ waits to cut the OCR, the more risk it finds itself having to cut by much larger amounts, which would also give ammunition to critics of how monetary policy has been conducted in recent years.
"And with market pricing serving up a rate cut on a platter, the RBNZ will now risk considerable market volatility by choosing to keep interest rates on hold," Tuffley said. But he said whether there's a cut or no cut, the RBNZ is very likely to temper markets over enthusiasm for pricing in OCR cuts – currently more than 125bp over the next four OCR announcements.
"An on-hold decision will push interest rates up irrespective, the mildness or otherwise will depend on how close the RBNZ signals it is to cutting.
"But even if the RBNZ cuts, it is unlikely to give a green light for the extent of cuts built in. The RBNZ is likely to signal a data-dependent pace as we step into NZ’s first easing cycle after all the Covid-triggered upheaval of our economy, household behaviour and priorities. How we all react, and how well inflation behaves, has yet to be revealed."
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